10 Things to Know About President John Adams

Essay on Child Abuse Can be Reduced by Educating Parents

Parenting is not instinctive. If it were, everyone who had a child would be a good parent. Consequently, child abuse is a rising phenomenon in our society. Though no single factor has been identified as the cause of child maltreatment, it appears to be influenced by parents histories, psychological resources, and economic status. Parenting must be learned. While this is often done through experience, education courses for individuals prior to their becoming parents, and close evaluation of questionable homes could enhance parents knowledge and the childrens well being. A large number of abusive parents have histories of physical and emotional abuse inflicted upon them during their childhood. Thus, they were deprived of†¦show more content†¦The remaining cases are represented by friends or relatives(Justice 73). Most abusers range from 20 to 40 years of age, but the majority of fatalities are inflicted by parents in the 16 to 20 year old age bracket(Justice 74). Four factors often used to identify abusers are loneliness; rigidity; problems with self-image, family and friends; and lack of social skills and self-control. Rigidity and problems with self-image were the strongest indicators of potential abuse among these factors(Justice 77). Economic status seems to play a large role in contributing to child abuse. According to the Child Protection Service, all of the families in their program are considered financially unstable, less than half hold jobs, 38% receive public assistance, and 13% live with an unemployed partner(Janko 56). According to a study done by the Childrens Defense Fund in 1990, The United States had the highest percentage of children living in poverty of 8 industrialized nations. The poverty rate among children in our country was 2 to 3 times that of most other countries studied(Janko 59). Though poverty and child abuse are undoubtably connected, income is no excuse for abuse. Occasionally, as in the case of David Peltz er, a parent will mistreat only one child, while exercising adequate care for its siblings. A closer evaluation of this questionable home life would have eliminated many of the disastrous results. Once the cycle of abuse is begun, it often keepsShow MoreRelatedNo More Sex Trafficking?1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthe outlets of socializing for young people are exactly the outlets that traffickers search to capture their victims and force them into the sex trafficking system. Some of those outlets are Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, or even You Tube. Because parents are too busy working and taking care of other problems, they believe their small children are safe in their rooms playing on their phones and tablets. 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Imagery in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example For Students

Imagery in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Intro to Literature IDr. Roger Easson1 June 2004Insanity is a phenomenon not often written about in literature. However, there is a piece of fiction written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman which brings to life the disease of insanity. She is best known for her 1892 short story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Like the main character, Gilman underwent a type of rest treatment after suffering from bouts of severe depression following the birth of her daughter. This type of rest cure was popularized by the well known physician S. Weir Mitchell. The story is the tale of a woman who goes mad after being prescribed a rest cure to relieve her of her desire to write. Coincidently, this is after the birth of her child as well. The Yellow Wallpaper actually chronicles the process of going insane. One of the qualities which makes the story so good is the fact the author knows very much about this process due to her own experiences. Oddly, the main character is unnamed, and this is perhaps because the experie nce she is undergoing robs her of her identity. She is alone in a yellow, wallpapered nursery with barred windows and is treated like the an inmate and a child. She is denied her writing which gives her peace and meaning in her life, as well as companionship which could distract her from her preoccupation with her surroundings. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilman gives much attention to several types of female oppression in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through detailed visual imagery, strong personification, and an overwhelming amount of metaphoric expressions. Through detailed visual imagery, Gilman gives us an extremely vivid mental picture of the main characters surroundings. Having a solid image of these surroundings helps readers better understand what the woman in the story is going through. It is through her eyes that we see the house, the grounds, the room, and of course the yellow wallpaper. The house, with all its metaphoric value, plays a great role in this story. Traditionally, when a house is used in fiction as a setting, it is a sacred place. It is an image of the universe from top to bottom, because it can represent heaven, earth, and hell depending on the story. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilmans detailed description of the house begins outside of it. The most beautiful place! It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the villagefor there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate houses for the gardeners and people (Gilman 329). With this small passage, we get a good sense from the narrator of how large the estate is. In her description of the outside, the narrator makes a reference to gates. This is an important symbol in the story because it represents a place of great significance, as is the case in most fiction. We see another gate when the author describes her room. These gates outside the house and her room are both locked, and this symbolizes being trapped which is what our main character is, as well as women of Gilmans time. The visual imagery of The Yellow Wallpaper is strongest during Gilmans descriptions of the color and pattern of the wallpaper. Right away the color is dull, lurid, and sickly. She uses several passages to describe how inconsistent the nature of the wallpaper is. According to the narrator, it moves and changes; sometimes it has a pattern and sometimes it does not. Unfortunately, it has no definite color or pattern. Through this imagery, Gilman conveys the message of the irrational and unjust treatment of women by men in he r time. .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 , .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .postImageUrl , .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 , .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:hover , .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:visited , .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:active { border:0!important; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:active , .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313 .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua974b0f6e49689930039a426ff1a7313:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Memory System Problemsy EssayIn addition to visual imagery, the author portrays the confusion of the narrator, caused by the wallpaper, through very strong personification. Throughout the story the narrator writes passages about the wallpaper which she cannot plainly describe. As the story progresses we begin to notice that as she tries to become more detailed she actually becomes more insane. At first, she tries to figure the paper out through its visual appearance, however she slowly digresses and begins to feel as though the paper is taunting her. This is how the author personifies the yellow wallpaper. This paper looks to me as if it knew what a vicious influence it ha dThere is a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside downUp and down and sideways they crawl, and those absurd unblinking eyes are everywhereI never saw so much expression in an inanimate thing before (Gilman 331). The author brings the wallpaper to life in the mind of the narrator and we slowly start to see her beginning to battle the wallpaper as if it were a person. You think you have mastered it, but just as you get well under way in following, it turns a back?somersault and there you are. It slaps you in the face, knocks you down, and tramples upon you (Gilman 334). In a sense, the narrator is engaged in a battle of wits with the wallpaper. She is convinced that the wallpaper is hiding something, and she is determined to find out what it is. The wallpaper also characterizes the narrators oppression, and it symbolizes her deteriorating mental state. The design of the paper looks like bars to the narrator, and once again w e see a symbol of being trapped. In the story, this concept is personified when the narrator convinces herself there is the figure of a woman trapped inside the wallpaper. The front pattern does move?and no wonder!The woman behind shakes itshe crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over (Gilman 336). The narrator becomes infatuated with helping this woman so she starts tearing down the paper in an effort to free her. However, as the paper is torn down, so is the narrators mental state. With all metaphoric expressions, there are different interpretations. In Gilmans story, The Yellow Wallpaper, there are numerous metaphoric themes and images. For example, because of the time period in which Gilman wrote this story, it is argued by some that the entire story is a metaphor illustrating the oppressive nature of men towards women during that time. This argument is largely supported, because the story is in fact a reflection of Gilmans own experience. Another one of the metaph oric examples of this argument is the female figure the narrator sees within the wallpaper. The woman hiding behind the paper comes to represent not only the trapped soul of the narrator, but she also represents the abused souls of women in Gilman s society. Of course, this is only true if we consider the wallpaper itself as being representative of male domination over women. On a different scale, other metaphoric themes are seen through the use of colors. The color yellow, for example, is the dominate color of the wallpaper. Commonly, yellow represents light or intellect, however it can also be construed as a warning. In medical terms (applicable to this story), a yellow flag means quarantine, and the narrator is definitely quarantined as we plainly see. Other examples are lightness and darkness. As we read the story, we can see that the action changes as day turns to night and vice versa. During the day, most things are calm as the narrator sleeps. By daylight she (the woman in th e paper) is subdued, quietIt keeps me quiet by the hour (Gilman 335). The lightness represents goodness in most cases, however in this story, it represents the narrators temporary return to order. On the other hand, when night falls, the action changes dramatically. Night is typically associated with obscurity and mystery, which is what our narrator is experiencing. As is symbolic with darkness, a kind of chaos arrives. Through watching so much at night, when it changes so, I have finally found outAs soon as it was dark, that poor thing began to crawl and shake the pattern (Gilman 337). Also, darkness is largely associated with captivity, which is again what our narrator is experiencing. In this story, a readers logical interpretation of all these metaphoric themes is what helps make the story powerful. .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe , .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .postImageUrl , .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe , .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:hover , .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:visited , .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:active { border:0!important; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:active , .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad34df68afaf23b6215801490b0ffefe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Endangered Species: Bengal Tiger Sample EssayUpon reading Gilmans story, The Yellow Wallpaper, we should see, through her extraordinary use of visual imagery, personification, and metaphoric theme, that the oppression towards women in Gilmans time was very apparent. Our narrator is seemingly doomed from the beginning, because she is left alone in a visually unsettling room with nothing to keep her company accept her thoughts. Obviously, this is not a good thing for someone who is suffering from a nervous disorder, like our narrator. Sadly, she never has a choice in the matter, and this was the case for almost all woman of the late nineteenth century. Women of that time had no say in anything. Perhaps this is why the narrator was never named in the story. Many times an unnamed character is representative of all of a certain gender, race, or religion. Gilman does in deed represent women of her time, and since the story was written upon reflection of her own experience, the preceding statement is definitely true. Through her own experience, Gilman is able to convey the images and ideas within The Yellow Wallpaper very effectively. Her writing gives us a true feeling of what it is like to go from somewhat normal to clinically insane. Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper Literature, Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.Ed. Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw?Hill, 2004.

Food Management of Marigold Restaurant-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Food Management of Marigold Restaurant. Answer: Introduction Marigold Restaurant is one of the leading restaurants in Sydney serving people with Cantonese cuisines over the last 30 years. In the year of 1982, the old Marigold restaurant provided varieties of Hong Kong cuisines to the people. The restaurant is famous for its lavish banquets and it is one of the third leading restaurants at George Street in this group. Marigold Restaurant is a dining restaurant and the ambience of the restaurant is perfect to spend time with families and friends. This paper will highlight the summary of the chef of Marigold Restaurant. The restaurant brings richness, diversity and refinement of the Cantonese cuisines, a la carta dishes and varieties of banquets. The prices of the dishes are provided at an affordable rate to the customers. The chef of the restaurant maintains proper co-ordination with the back house of operation and the front house of operation staffs. The chef analyses the cost of operation of the restaurant and finds out various ways to reduce them (Benavides-Velasco et al. 2014). Analysis of the Interview Findings Type of hospitality enterprise managed by the chef The executive chef of Marigold restaurant manages the entire kitchen brigades and provides them the required training. He manages the kitchen staffs and tries to increase the reputation of the hotel by managing, training and providing them the necessary training. Marigold restaurant shares the tastes of Cantonese cuisine with their customers. The chef takes care that he provides the customer with fresh ingredients ranging from seafood to vegetables and varieties of meat. The kitchen staff along with the assistance of the chef pays greater emphasis on the freshness of the kitchen ingredients (Saleem and Raja 2014). The restaurant also has provision of beverages and it provides an iconic and popular wine that ranges from value to indulgence. Some wines are also complementary with different kinds of dishes. The chef also tries to confront the challenges and work in co-ordination in the group. The chef also has the skill to convince the customers so that they remain satisfied and thus ar e willing to visit the restaurant again and recommend it to their friends and families. The chef also highlighted that they frequently visit and talk to the customers. This helps the chef as well as the management in getting the desired feedback and thus helps them in improving the quality of food and fulfilling the demands of the customers (Nieves and Segarra-Cipres 2015) Maintaining the cost control of front of house operation The front of house operation refers to the area which is exposed to the customer. It includes the lounge, restroom, dining room, entry room and the outdoor seating arrangement. The chef of Marigold restaurant manages the front of house operation very carefully. The chef manages the profitability of the restaurant and he tries to generate the food cost between 28% to 35% without hampering the quality of food. The chef has also given importance on preparing the menu of the restaurant. The menu must be prepared in such a way so that it can easily be altered if any particular dish is not available. There must be substitute cuisines which can be served to the customers as per their requirements. This is an important and vital area which is to be taken care of by the chef so that the customers do not return unsatisfied or disappointed (Sachs et al. 2014). Maintaining the cost control of back of house operation The back of house operation refers to that portion of the restaurant which is not for public use. It generally includes the storage and the kitchen of the restaurant. The executive chef plays the main role in managing the back of house operation in the restaurant. He supervises the cooks and the apprentice chef and thus takes care of the food quality. The executive chef of Marigold restaurant has highlighted that they always use written recipes so that the taste and quality of food remains the same (Gin et al. 2013). The customers will be willing to visit the restaurant if they maintain the same taste and restaurant. The executive chef takes special interest in preparing a new Chinese cuisine everyday and naming it as the choice of the chef. The chef also takes care of the weekly and monthly inventories so as to maintain record of the wastage and adjust the inventory accordingly. The losses of the restaurant can also be identified by keeping a track of the inventories. It will also h elp the management in improving the ordering process. The chef can also take important decisions based upon these inventories and they can also find out alternative ways to curb the losses of the restaurant. The executive chef also manages the dishwashers and thus provides them the necessary training so that they can maintain hygiene in the restaurant. The chef also prepares special menu for their esteemed customers during festive seasons. Thus, it can be said that in the back of house operation, the executive chef has to manage all the staffs and take care of the food quality as well as providing customer service (Leung et al. 2015). Financial cost control methods applied in daily business operation of the restaurant The chef of marigold restaurant has highlighted that there are huge cost involved in each stages from purchasing the raw materials to serving the food to the customers. The role of standards plays a vital role in all these stages and there are certain cost control methods which will help in mitigating the problem. The quality of the food must also be taken care of by the chef. Proper training must also be provided to the employees so that it becomes easier to handle the kitchen staffs and they can understand their roles and duties accordingly. The chef must also prepare the operation budget and thus it will help in forecasting the sales volume as well as the overall activities in business (Jani and Han 2014). Evaluation of the findings and its effectiveness in managing food service operation It has been found that the chef applies new ideas and helps in improving the business. He also monitors the activities of the restaurant and manages the kitchen brigades accordingly. The chef also takes care of the administrative tasks and helps the management in the development of the business (Ali and Amin 2014). As the hotel industry is facing steep competition, it is necessary that the chef takes utmost care in maintaining the quality of food at an affordable price. There are certain cost control methods which must be adopted by the chef so as to minimize the food wastage. The chef of Marigold hotel also takes take in preparing the menu of the restaurant (Karatepe et al. 2014). The a la carta menu is prepared by combining the best ingredients and thus offering the authentic and exquisite cuisines. The restaurant provides a perfect dining experience for any occasion. The catering group is also managed by the assistant chef and it the restaurant is ideal for private entertainment. The restaurant is surrounded by Chinese paintings and the main dining space can cater up to 200 persons at a single time. There is also a provision of five individual dining rooms which is decorated beautifully. The chef works in co-ordination with the back of house operation as well as the front of house operation. Thus, it is the duty of the chef to carry out his duties in a responsible manner (Molina-Azorin et al. 2015). References Ali, F. and Amin, M., 2014. The influence of physical environment on emotions, customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in Chinese resort hotel industry.Journal for Global Business Advancement,7(3), pp.249-266. Benavides-Velasco, C.A., Quintana-Garca, C. and Marchante-Lara, M., 2014. Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, pp.77-87. Gin Choi, Y., Kwon, J. and Kim, W., 2013. Effects of attitudes vs experience of workplace fun on employee behaviors: Focused on Generation Y in the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(3), pp.410-427. Jani, D. and Han, H., 2014. Personality, satisfaction, image, ambience, and loyalty: Testing their relationships in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, pp.11-20. Karatepe, O.M., Beirami, E., Bouzari, M. and Safavi, H.P., 2014. Does work engagement mediate the effects of challenge stressors on job outcomes? Evidence from the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.14-22. Leung, X.Y., Bai, B. and Stahura, K.A., 2015. The marketing effectiveness of social media in the hotel industry: A comparison of Facebook and Twitter.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,39(2), pp.147-169. Molina-Azorn, J.F., Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., 2015. The effects of quality and environmental management on competitive advantage: A mixed methods study in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,50, pp.41-54. Nieves, J. and Segarra-Ciprs, M., 2015. Management innovation in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,46, pp.51-58. Sachs, C., Allen, P., Terman, A.R., Hayden, J. and Hatcher, C., 2014. Front and back of the house: Socio-spatial inequalities in food work.Agriculture and Human Values,31(1), pp.3-17. Saleem, H. and Raja, N.S., 2014. The impact of service quality on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and brand image: Evidence from hotel industry of Pakistan.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,19(5), pp.706-711.

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable For every reputable website, there are dozens chock full of information thats inaccurate, unreliable or just plain nutty. For the unwary, inexperienced journalist  or researcher, such sites can present a minefield of possible problems. With that in mind, here are eight ways to tell if a website is reliable. 1. Look for Sites from Established Institutions The internet is full of websites that were started five minutes ago. What you want are sites associated with trusted institutions that have been around for awhile and have a proven track record of reliability and integrity. Such sites may include those run by government agencies, non-profit organizations,  foundations, or colleges and universities. 2. Look for Sites with Expertise You wouldnt go to an auto mechanic if you broke your leg, and you wouldnt go to the hospital to have your car repaired. Im making an obvious point: Look for websites that specialize in the kind of information youre seeking. So if youre writing a story on a flu outbreak, check out medical websites, such as the Centers for Disease Control, and so on. 3. Steer Clear of Commercial Sites Sites run by companies and business - their websites usually end in .com - are more often than not trying to sell you something. And if theyre trying to sell you something, chances are whatever information theyre presenting will be tilted in favor of their product. Thats not to say corporate sites should be excluded entirely. But be wary. 4. Beware of Bias Reporters write a lot about politics, and there are plenty of political websites out there. But many of them are run by groups that have a bias in favor of one political party or philosophy. A conservative website isnt likely to report objectively on a liberal politician, and vice versa. Steer clear of sites with a political ax to grind and instead look for ones that are non-partisan. 5. Check the Date As a reporter you need  the most up-to-date information available, so if a website seems old, its probably best to steer clear. One way to check - look for a last updated date on the page or site. 6. Consider  the Sites Look If a site looks poorly designed and amateurish, chances are it was created by amateurs. Steer clear. But be careful - just because a website is professionally designed doesnt mean its reliable. 7. Avoid Anonymous Authors Articles or studies whose authors are named are often - though not always - more reliable than works produced anonymously. It makes sense: If someone is willing to put their name on something theyve written, chances are they stand by the information it contains. And if you have the name of the author, you can always Google them to check their credentials. 8. Check the Links Reputable websites often link to each other. You can find out which other websites link to the site youre researching by conducting a link-specific Google search. Enter the following text into the Google search field, replacing [WEBSITE] with the domain of the site youre researching: link:[WEBSITE].com The search results will show you which websites link to the one youre researching. If lots of sites are linking to your site, and those sites seem reputable, then thats a good sign.

Overview of Minimum Wage in Canada

Overview of Minimum Wage in Canada When Canadas federal minimum wage laws governing all 10 provinces and three territories were eliminated in 1996, the minimum hourly wage rates for experienced adult workers were set by the provinces and territories themselves. These minimum wage rates have periodically changed, and the new minimum wage laws usually take effect in either April or October.   Exceptions to Canadas Minimum Wage Some circumstances circumvent the general minimum wage, applying different minimums to some workers. In Nova Scotia, for example, employers can pay an inexperienced minimum wage to workers for the first three months of employment if they have less than three months prior experience in a field; that wage is 50 cents lower than the general minimum wage. Similarly, in Ontario, the minimum wage for students is 70 cents less than the general minimum wage. Different work situations affect the minimum wage in some provinces, too. In Quebec, the minimum wage for all workers who receive tips is $9.45, which is $1.80 less than the minimum wage of general workers, and the minimum wage for liquor servers in British Columbia is $9.60, more than $1 lower than the general minimum wage. Manitoba has separate minimum wages for security guards ($13.40 per hour in October 2017) and construction workers, whose pay depends on the type of work and experience. Liquor servers in Ontario earn $1.50 less than the minimum wage but home workers earn $1.20 more. Minimum Weekly and Monthly Wages Not all occupations are covered by the general hourly minimum wage. Alberta, for example, passed a three-stage wage increase for sales workers, from $486 per week in 2016 to $542 per week in 2017 and $598 per week in 2018. The province did the same with live-in domestic workers, raising the 2016  wage from $2,316 per month to $2,582 per month in 2017, and to $2,848 per month in 2018. Examples of Minimum Wage Increases in Canada Most provinces have periodically revised minimum wage rates since Canadas federal mandates were eliminated. For example, in 2017 Saskatchewan tied its minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index, which adjusts for the costs of goods and services, and plans to announce on June 30 each year any change to the minimum wage, which will then take effect on Oct. 1 of the same year. In the first fiscal year of this plan, the 2016 minimum wage of $10.72 was raised to $10.96 in 2017. Other local governments have scheduled similar increases based on other criteria. Alberta scheduled its $12.20 rate to rise to $13.60 on Oct. 1, 2017, the same date Manitoba ($11 to $11.15), Newfoundland ($10.75 to $11) and Ontario ($11.40 to $11.60) scheduled minimum wage rate hikes. Province General Wage More Employment Standards Alberta $13.60 Alberta Human Services BC $10.85 B.C. Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training Manitoba $11.15 Manitoba Family Services and Labour New Brunswick $11.00 New Brunswick Employment Standards Newfoundland $11.00 Labour Relations Agency NWT $12.50 Education, Culture and Employment Nova Scotia $10.85 Labour and Advanced Education Nunavut $13.00 Ontario $11.60 Ministry of Labour PEI $11.25 Environment, Labour and Justice Quebec $11.25 Commission des normes du travail Saskatchewan $10.96 Saskatchewan Labour Standards Yukon $11.32 Employment Standards

We're Moving On Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

We're Moving On Up - Essay Example The larger storage area should be placed to the left while the office should be placed to the right with a dividing wall between the two. Entry doors for both the office area and the storage area should be placed toward the center of the store as opposed to the sides as to increase visibility even when employees are entering and exiting these areas. By designing the layout in this format, both doors should open into the ties and toiletries department just to the right of the main aisle. This should provide sufficient space for all our storage and janitorial supply needs as well as provide adequate space for office work, filing and safe while still maintaining appropriate floor supervision. To continue appropriate sales floor supervision, the sales counter should be placed just to the left of the front entryway, enabling consumers to quickly locate it and placing sales staff in the front of the store to maintain a watchful eye on shoppers from the opposite side of the store from anyon e working in the office. Changing areas should be constructed on the left side wall approximately 20 feet from the front wall and extending approximately 20 feet toward the rear of the building and approximately 8 feet into the store. Although this placement blocks the business suit department slightly from the view of the sales counter, workers at the sales counter will still be able to see most of this department and will be able to keep a close eye on activities in the changing room area. Placing mirrored tiles on the back wall of the business suit department will further enhance visibility of this area from the sales counter. In terms of department layout, as consumers enter the front door, they should see the sales counter immediately to their left fronted by a small gifts department in which we will stock golf accessories and small, low-priced items designed for the impulse buyer. Behind this section will be the slacks department followed by the

Critique Of The Last Health Assessment Paper Essay

Critique Of The Last Health Assessment Paper - Essay Example Miss Susan is a 40 years old woman. She is suffering from high blood pressure and is seeking a proper health and diet plan to recover from this medical problem. Last week, she went to see a doctor for health assessment. The doctor/health service provider welcomed her and asked her to tell him every thing about her lifestyle and diet. He wanted to know the type of diet that she takes, as well as the information about her lifestyle. Medical science links both mental state and lifestyle of a person with high/low blood pressure. This can be the reason why the health provider asked Susan about her lifestyle. As Reddin (2012) states, â€Å"stress reduction techniques can help lower high blood pressure† (p. 1). The provider told her some stress reduction techniques to help her control her blood pressure. Diet is also an important factor in determining the cause of high blood factor. Susan told the provider about the diet that she usually takes in breakfast, lunch, and dinner. However , the provider did not ask Susan to tell him whether she does physical exercises or not. After getting the details of Susan’s diet and lifestyle, the provider prescribed her some medicines to her which she had to use within the period of two months. The provider asked her to visit the clinic again after two months for her checkup. As far as the side effects of the medicines are concerned, the provider did not tell her about any of the side effects. He told her to take the medicines regularly. He also prescribed a particular diet to Susan which she had to take before and after the intake of medicines. As far as agreement on the plan of acre is concerned, there was an agreement to some extent as the provider asked Susan to take a particular diet during the period of medication. The provider made her clear that her treatment can be affected if she will not follow the prescribed plan of diet and medication. The provided also told her that if she wants to control her blood pressure, she will have to keep herself cool and calm. The overall environment of the clinic was welcoming and clean. Susan felt very comfortable all the time she spent in the clinic. There was a lady who was welcoming every patient at the entrance of the clinic. There was a very light music being played in the waiting area that was creating a healing environment in the clinic. All of that was done to provide a relaxed and peaceful environment to patients. Today, many hospitals and clinics are focusing on creating therapeutic environment to promote healing and reduce stress (Zborowsky & Kreitzer, 2008). The provider was very good at listening to the concerns of patients. Susan liked the way he communicated with her. For example, he listened to Susan properly before prescribing her the required plan of treatment. Susan asked various questions to him about the causes of high blood pressure, as well as about the ways to keep the blood pressure normal and the provider responded to every question in a friendly manner. The provider asked Susan to wear a patient gown. The physical as sessment was not very appropriate as the provider was a male doctor and he was asking Susan to open the buttons of her shirt to let him hear the sounds of her lungs properly. It was not an appropriate action as there should be some physical distance between a male healthcare provider and a female patient. The provider could have hired a female assistant to check female patients. However, as

Observing or Reading the Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Observing or Reading the Behavior - Essay Example According to him home makes him feel more relaxed and studies can be done in relaxed and calm environment. The peace of mind that he gets at home could not be available anywhere else. He is able to concentrate better in the familiar and relaxed surrounding of his home rather than a public place like library where people keep on moving around. Movement of people can be a cause of distraction. Since people in a library are mostly strangers and strangers make him self conscious. At home the presence of siblings does not matter as they keep themselves busy with their own chores. He also acknowledged that there might not be other books and references available at home instantly if he needs them. However, he can make use of Internet for the references and other relevant material at home. Also he thinks he could easily take a break from say continuous study of two hours and watch TV or listen to his favorite songs and resume his studies. At library continuous studies can cause exhaustion as mind needs breaks every now and then. He also considers the fact the one can sit in a relaxed easy manner at home while at library one has to sit in a well-mannered and socially acceptable way. Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs devised this method commonly called Myers Briggs Test based on the work of Carl Jung. This method has emerged as the widely used test for personality assessment. Like millions of Americans the interviewee has also taken Myers Briggs Test. The test presents a summary of personality. A person's type might be INTJ or ESFP, or some other combination. Like other he was also forced choice questionnaire. The test uses two basic orientations that is E and I for extraversion and introversion two choices for information uptake that is S for sensing and N for intuition, two choices for judgment that is T for thinking and F for feeling, and two choices for decision making that is J for judgment and P for perception. So according to this model people could be extrovert or introvert. The results shoed that the interviewee is an introvert as his model started with I. Te rest of his combination turned out to be INFP. The result therefore finally showed that the interviewee is an introvert and mostly makes his decisions on the basis of his intuition. The person is sensitive and feeling and impulsiveness dominates his personality. Accuracy of Myers Briggs Test Results According to Myers Briggs Test the results were INFP. The interviewee mostly agrees with the overall picture or assessment done as a result of test taken. He himself considers an introvert and Myers Briggs Test also confirm his own views. However for other indicators he has his own reservation. Despite agreeing to his introversion he does not totally agree with other results. For example, he was asked whether he would like to plan an evening beforehand or not. This question could be asked to determine Judgment or Perception traits of a person based on their inclination for planning or impulsiveness. The interviewee though plans well in advance but sometimes remains unable to enjoy or execute his plans due to his spontaneous or impulsive

Status Of Languages In Mauritius English Language Essay

Status Of Languages In Mauritius English Language Essay The study of this dissertation is based on the use of modern technology in the teaching and learning process at secondary level education. Being a language teacher (French language), I have focused my study on language classes being conducted in a technology-based environment, also known as a Language Laboratory. This dissertation will seek to evaluate the use and the effectiveness of a language laboratory to teach second languages such as English and French languages in Mauritian secondary schools. It is a comparative study between the St. Andrews School, situated at Rose-Hill, which is equipped with a language lab and the Vacoas SSS (Girls) which represents the classical classroom method of teaching languages. 1.1 BACKGROUND: STATUS OF LANGUAGES IN MAURITIUS In the official website of the Government of Mauritius, the status of languages in Mauritius is described as follows: English is the official language. French is extensively used and Creole is widely spoken. Asian languages also form part of the linguistic mosaic. (Government portal of Mauritius 2012) However, when unfolding the above-mentioned description of the linguistic situation in Mauritius, we will see that it is not that simple, due to its complex history of immigration and colonization. 1.1.1 COLONIAL HISTORY OF MAURITIUS The colonial history of Mauritius is the root cause of our multiethnic and multilingual society. It all started with the Arab and then Portugese sailors who are believed to have visited our island in the early XVIth century. Between 1590 and 1710, the Dutch colonized the island and their main activity was the exportation of ebony wood. For this purpose, they brought several Malagasy slaves in Mauritius. However they have not made major developments apart from the introduction of sugar cane, domestic animals and deer. In 1715, Mauritius became a french colony and it has been extensively developped especially when Mahà © de Labourdonnais governed the country as from 1735. Many slaves were imported mostly from Africa and Madagascar and a few Indians came from Coromanddel and Malabar Coast. Other French governors continued the development of the island until 1810 when the British took over. However, they decided to preserve the laws, customs, language, religion and property, that is, the civil and judicial administration of the island as it was during the French reign. During the English colony, sugar production increased to become a major foreign income earner, thus leading to economic progress which called for the expansion and development of means of communication and appropriate infrastructure. All these development necessitated the importation of more slaves from Africa and Madagascar. However in 1835 the abolition of slavery brought major changes in the island on the socio-economic and demographic fields. A large number of indentured laborer from different parts in India were coming to Mauritius to work in the sugar cane fields and later a small number of Chinese traders joined them in the island. In 1907 the immigration ceased, however many Indians had already settled permanently in the island and as a matter of fact they formed the majority of the population. The gathering of a mosaic of people from India, China, Africa and Europe lead to a process of hybridization and intercultural frictions and dialogues. In 1959, voting took place for the first time on the basis of universal adult suffrage and the number of electors rose to 208,684. In 1968 Mauritius gained its independence. (Government protal of Mauritius 2012) 1.1.2 ACTUAL LINGUISTIC SITUATION OF MAURITIUS Today the population of Mauritius is more than 1.2 million people, which consists of 68% Indo-Mauritians (Hindus and Muslims), 27% Creole (Af ro-Mauritians and mixed population), 3% Sino-Mauritians and 2% Franco-Mauritians (CIA, 2008). Rajah-Carrim (2005) has identified eleven main languages actually used in Mauritius and she further classified them into three categories: colonial languages (English and French) and language of everyday communication (Creole), and ancestral languages (Indian and Chinese languages) which are used on limited occasions. Mahadeo (2004) explains the linguistic situation of Mauritius in these terms : Given the number of languages (at least 12) used by different ethnic groups in an island with a population which now exceeds 1.2 million people and an area of 720 square miles, Mauritius presents an extreme case of individual multilingualism According to Chiba (2006), Mauritius is the most linguistically fashionable place on the planet. Mauritian swap languages depending on the circumstances, in the same way as others change clothes. He further illustrated his point of view with the following example: Over the course of a day a typical Mauritian might use English to write a school essay, Kreol Morisien to chat with friends, French to read a novel and Bhojpuri to spend a quiet evening with the family. Chiba (2006) then classified the use of the major languages as follows: Home: Kreol and Bhojpuri Government and schools: English Business: French and Kreol Literature, newspapers and television: French Casual speech: Kreol However Chiba (2006) pointed out that this table is only an overview since French is also often present in government and English is not completely absent in the media. In his Ethnologue: Languages of the world, Lewis (2009) has enumerated the main languages spoken in Mauritius with their respective number of users: English: 3,000 speakers (1993), French: 37,000 speakers, Morisyen: 800,000 speakers (2005), Bhojpuri: 336,000 speakers (2001), Urdu: 64,000 speakers (1993), Hakka Chinese: 35,000 speakers (1990), Tamil: 31,000 speakers (2001), Eastern Panjabi: speakers (1990), Marathi: 11,800 speakers (1990), Telugu: 10,700 speakers (1990) and Gujarati: 3,340 speakers (1990). The main colonial languages used in Mauritius are English, which is the official language and French which is considered as the second and semi-official language and which is widely used in the media and for oral communication. However other languages such as Spanish, Italian and German are also used especially in the sector of education and tourism. The lingua franca of Mauritius is the Kreol Morisyen which is considered by the majority of Mauritians, as their mother tongue. Moreover, this language as acts as a language of unity and many works are being presently carried out to standardise its orthographe and its grammar. The Kreol Morisyen is now present in the education system of Mauritius, at primary level where the students are given the choice to opt for this language or an oriental language. A quite large number of ancestral languages are also present in Mauritius such as Bhojpuri, Hindi, Gujerati, Kutchi, Mandarin, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and Arabic, but their use are limited to cultural instances. However the Bhojpuri language can be considered as another lingua franca of Mauritius since quite a large number of Mauritians still use it for oral communication. 1.2 AIM The aim of this study is to find out whether the language lab can be considered as a solution to the various language issues faced by Mauritian students, by evaluating its impact in the teaching and learning process of languages at secondary level of education. 1.3 OBJECTIVES The set objectives of this study are to evaluate: 1. The level of improvement, if any, in the language competencies of the students with the language laboratory 2. The students level of comfort and ease in a language lab, a modern class setting and with modern learning tools. 3. The students level of motivation, interest and response in language laboratory classes. 4. The Teachers response, the classroom management and the classroom atmosphere in a language lab. 5. A comparison between language classes in a language lab and language classes in a traditional language class. 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT Mauritians are considered bilingual; we can communicate in both English and French languages. Even if Mauritians use the Creole language to communicate orally, English is the official language in Mauritius and French is considered as a semi-official language in Mauritius. Both these languages are taught in primary schools as compulsory subjects alongside the Mauritian Kreol and some oriental languages which are optional subjects. In secondary schools, English and French languages are core compulsory subjects from the Form I till the School certificate classes and they are taught as second languages and not foreign languages. Thus we can say that all Mauritian students study English and French languages since the age of 5 or 6 yrs old, but still at the end of the secondary education, few of us can have a proper conversation or can write a letter without grammatical errors in these languages. A precise analysis of the statistics, published by Mauritius Examination Syndicate MES on the pass rate of Mauritian students, clearly shows that the level of Mauritian students in English and French is low. Even though the percentage pass is high, quality-wise the results are not good. (MES, 2011) There are various factors which can explain this problem and the main reasons are: the lack of motivation of the students in language classes, the lack of exposure to the languages, contact with other languages, the decline of the reading culture, the language subjects being considered as less important subjects and the exam oriented syllabus among others. This research will thus propose an alternative way of conducting language classes, namely using the language laboratory. It will try to measure its effectiveness, efficiency and relevance and whether it can be considered as a solution to the above mentioned problem. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS According to the objectives of the study, the research questions have been formulated as follows: 1. What are the language issues in the teaching and learning process of second languages in Mauritius? 2. What are the roles of modern technology in language classes and to what extent can technology be a remedy to these issues? 3. What is a language laboratory and what is its impact in a secondary school? 4. What is the students and teachers response in a language laboratory which is a modern class setting with modern teaching and learning tools? 5. To what extent can the students compare this modern language class with their traditional language classes? 6. Have the teachers and the students noticed an improvement in their language competencies with the language laboratories? If yes, which specific domain(s) of their language competencies have been improved? (E.g. grammar, pronunciation, vocabularies, reading, writing, spelling, fluencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)

Knights :: essays research papers

Knights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the fourth century A.D. the Roman Empire fell and Europe was invaded by various barbarian tribes. One of the dominant groups was the Franks of central and western Europe, who gradually expanded their power until their leader Charlemagne became emperor of the West. Powerful local lords and their mounted warriors offered protection to peasants, who became their serfs in return. By the 11the century a new social order was formed my armored knights, who served a local lord, count, or duke, and were in turn served by serfs. When males were about seven, a boy of noble birth who was going to become a knight was usually sent away to a nobleman’s household, often that of his uncle or great lord, to be a page. Here he learned how to behave and how to ride. About 14, he was apprenticed to a knight whom he served as a squire. He was taught how to handle weapons and how to look after his master’s armor and horses. He even went into battle with his knight, help ing him put on his armor and assisting him if he was hurt or unhorsed. He learned how to shoot a bow and to carve meat for food. Successful squired were knighted when they were about 21 years old. Young men who wanted to be knights had to keep fit. So squires trained constantly to exercise their muscles, and improve their skills. They practiced with each other and also sometimes with their knightly masters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main body armor worn my early knights was made of mail, consisting of many small, liked iron rings. During the 12th century, knights started to wear more mail. Their sleeves got longer, and mail leggings became popular. A padded garment called an aketon was also worn below the mail to absorb blows. In the 14th century knights added steel plated to protect their limbs, and the body was often protected further with a coat-of-plates, made of pieces of iron riveted to a cloth covering. A suit weighed about 44-55 lbs. And the weight was spread over the body so that a fit man could run, lie down, or mount his horse unaided in his armor. The only problem was that the armor quickly made you hot. By the 15th century, knights were protecting themselves with full suits of plate armor. The armor’s smooth surface deflected the edges and points of weapons.

Computer Engineering personal statement Essay

My interest in computers came at a fairly age when I got my first computer. At that time, only few people knew how to use it and no one had time to teach me, so I had to learn by my own. When I was sixteen, I got into building my own p.c’s because of how overpriced everything was. Up to now I still build and repair several computers of friends, relatives and myself. Computers have been always been my hobby for me but now I want to turn this into a professional and rewarding career. I believe that I have the personal skills and motivation to be successful in computer engineering. Also I know that engineering is a discipline that will make a tangible difference in the world and I’m certain I will enjoy the opportunity to fully reach this potential. I hope to be able to develop new technologies and solutions which would benefit both the people and the planet. At college where I studied my O’Level ZGCE I achieved very good grades in all my subjects, which provided a real boost to my confidence levels. I also excelled at sport related activities in the field. I was a member of a football and cricket teams. I found sport to be perfect way to stay fit and keep healthy. My goal is to attain a career where I can express my talent and passion for computers as well as open my mind in ways that I could never do in any field. I am excited about starting the training for career which I have chosen at your institution. I hope my enthusiasm and dedication will be an asset to this profession. I have found that your institution has just the programs I’m looking for and just what I need to be successful at my goals.

California Essays

California Essays California Essay California Essay This is the perfect location for the NFG and for the ultimate fan experience. Nevertheless s, the stadium also go more green for our environment , they use less steel, more solar, and less s concrete to maintain the green of our environment. At this point, Los Angels Football Sat diurnal is a huge and perfect place for all the football games. Different from NIL, NAB and ML NFG is a game for everybody. Anyone that has interesting in sport should watch NFG. Because there are inconsistently priced around the League per DAM, so it is very important to set initial NFG season ticket price. There AR e individual game day tickets, season tickets, club seat holder ticket, corporate suite and hospital lilt prices and SSL package. We can set the price point due to different games and different posit ions. Like the Chicago Bears ticket, we can set the average individual game ticket price to $3 0, and set the average season ticket to SSL 500. And also add 52005600 for club seat holder ticket, corporate suite and hospitality prices and SSL package. For the New York Jets, we can SE t the average individual game ticket price to 200, set the average season ticket to 1 200 and also add 100500 for club seat holder ticket, corporate suite and hospitality price and SSL pack GE. We need to set our price according to the market needs. However, we need to charge a differ .NET amount for the super bowl. Building a NFG stadium cost more than just rend a stadium. However, the gain s are different. Building a stadium, we can management all the details, provide spot arts along with other entertainments. Renting a stadium can reduce the cost of place and we can o only rent it when we need it. We do not need to pay the utilities, However, we would not be able to control all the details about games. It limited our recourse. Regional demographic profiles from Sports Business Daily on June 9, 201 0 Gender: Men 60. 2% Women 39. 8% Age: 1834: 31. %; 3549:28. 9% 50+: 39. % Architectonic: White: 77. 6%, Blameworthinesss:16. 4%, Spanish/Hispanic origin: 13. 9%, others: 6% Household income: Less than $KAKI 11. 5%, $2535: 1 1. 4% $KICK: 18. 2% $507 K: 17. 7% SOOT analysis Strength: The Los Angels Football Stadium cover 600 acres and it has 75,000 seats, 12, 500 club seats, 1 76 suites. In addition, the special design about the stadium, which is did efferent from other stadiums around the country, its cuttings design helps to provide a better view for all f ans. It also includes restaurants, retail shops and live theatres. It is not only a place o f sport, and also meets the needs of a vacation. Weakness: Due to the size of the Stadium, it requires a huge game to carry though. Howe the attraction of each game is different. It is hard to guarantee all the spaces are f Lully taken. In additional, it will also increase spends of public utilities. When there is a big GA me season, the parking might not enough for all people.

United States Low Elevation Points List

United States Low Elevation Points List The United States of America is the third largest country in the world based on land area. The U.S. has a total area of 3,794,100 square miles (9,826,675 sq km) and is divided into 50 different states. These states vary in their topography and some have their lowest elevations far below sea level, while others are much higher.The following is a list of the lowest points in each of the 50 U.S. states arranged with the lowest elevations first:1) California: Badwater Basin, Death Valley at -282 feet (-86 m)2) Louisiana: New Orleans at -8 feet (-2 m)3) Alabama: Gulf of Mexico at 0 feet (0 m)4) Alaska: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)5) Connecticut: Long Island Sound at 0 feet (0 m)6) Delaware: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)7) Florida: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)8) Georgia: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)9) Hawaii: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)10) Maine: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)11) Maryland: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)12) Massachusetts: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)13) Mississipp i: Gulf of Mexico at 0 feet (0 m)14) New Hampshire: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)15) New Jersey: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)16) New York: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)17) North Carolina: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)18) Oregon: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)19) Pennsylvania: Delaware River at 0 feet (0 m)20) Rhode Island: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)21) South Carolina: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)22) Texas: Gulf of Mexico at 0 feet (0 m)23) Virginia: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)24) Washington: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)25) Arkansas: Ouachita River at 55 feet (17 m)26) Arizona: Colorado River at 70 feet (21 m)27) Vermont: Lake Champlain at 95 feet (29 m)28) Tennessee: Mississippi River at 178 feet (54 m)29) Missouri: Saint Francis River at 230 feet (70 m)30) West Virginia: Potomac River at 240 feet (73 m)31) Kentucky: Mississippi River at 257 feet (78 m)32) Illinois: Mississippi River at 279 feet (85 m)33) Oklahoma: Little River at 289 feet (88 m)34) Indiana: Ohio River at 320 feet (98 m)35) Ohio: Ohio River at 455 feet (139 m)36) Nevada: Colorado River at 479 feet (145 m)37) Iowa: Mississippi River at 480 feet (146 m)38) Michigan: Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m)39) Wisconsin: Lake Michigan at 579 feet (176 m)40) Minnesota: Lake Superior at 601 feet (183 m)41) Kansas: Verdigris River at 679 feet (207 m)42) Idaho: Snake River at 710 feet (216 m)43) North Dakota: Red River at 750 feet (229 m)44) Nebraska: Missouri River at 840 feet (256 m)45) South Dakota: Big Stone Lake at 966 feet (294 m)46) Montana: Kootenai River at 1,800 feet (549 m)47) Utah: Beaver Dam Wash at 2,000 feet (610 m)48) New Mexico: Red Bluff Reservoir at 2,842 feet (866 m)49) Wyoming: Belle Fourche River at 3,099 feet (945 m)50) Colorado: Arikaree River at 3,317 feet (1,011 m)

Answer 3 questions about multilateral clearing arrangement Case Study

Answer 3 questions about multilateral clearing arrangement - Case Study Example f proprietary transactions of the member, the liquidator can initiate the transfer of all customer positions held by the member in default to other members of good standing, take control or liquidate the defaulting member’s proprietary positions, use the margin and security deposits of the member towards the default. In the event that all of the above are still insufficient to cover the default, the liquidator can still apply other funds such as guaranty funds paid by all members and insurance, if any (Dale 1998, pp. 23-24). Q2 The clearing house does not have a right to institute liquidation proceeding against ‘K’ as of 4:30 pm because there was no default yet. Default is the inability of a party to pay its obligations and in this case, its failure to complete a transfer of funds or securities in accordance with the rules of the clearing house, when it is due. Since there was no demand yet for ‘K’ to pay at 4:30, considering that under this particular clearing house rules the business day ends only at 5 and demand to pay at 7 pm, ‘K’ is not yet considered in default. Due process demands that ‘K’ is notified of its obligations, be given time to contest, and a demand for payment on it be made. Only when payment is due and a party is not able to pay can it be deemed in default and be made subject to a liquidation process. Q3 Initially, the clearing house must impose stringent membership rules on potential participants. These rules must require members to have, not only adequate capital, but also to adhere to strict financial and operational requirements upon admission as members such as maintaining a certain net capital as well as separate customer funds and property from their own funds and property. Moreover, members must also satisfy the clearing house that they are operating under sound risk management control. As a risk management control on the part of the clearing house, it could institute a predetermined threshold for each member, which

Should euthanasia be permitted in cases of terminally ill patients Research Paper

Should euthanasia be permitted in cases of terminally ill patients - Research Paper Example This ethical issue comes in view when a patient seeks death for himself/herself if the diseases are incurable, the cost is too high for the family to bear or he/she does not want to endure the pain any longer. This is not an easy decision for himself/herself and for the family as it accounts to a suicide. Euthanasia or the mercy killing therefore leads to opposing views from various sides, leading to controversy. Is mercy killing right legally, morally and ethically? Is it right or wrong? Types of Euthanasia: Euthanasia is derived from Greek term meaning â€Å"good death†. It has not gained acceptance because of legal and ethical issues involved with it. Euthanasia is classified into two types – the Active and the Passive Euthanasia. The term, Active Euthanasia is used when a patient’s life is cut short by the physicians at their own discretion, after the patients express their wish. Passive Euthanasia refers to withholding of treatment that would have helped the patient to survive in this world. Active euthanasia: The supporters of Active Euthanasia believe that the person is â€Å"better off dead† instead of continuing to live a life of â€Å"severely diminished quality† (Paterson, 2008). ... It might be viewed as homicide by skeptics, and is being condemned by the authorities and moralists around the world. Passive Euthanasia: Active Euthanasia might be unacceptable to the people on moral and ethical grounds but on the other hand quite a sizable number accept Passive Euthanasia. No doubt, a person undergoing Passive Euthanasia will experience some pain after the removal of life sustaining aids until he/she dies, but there are various reasons why it is accepted. â€Å"Firstly, treatment might simply be futile and hence incapable of benefiting the patient. Second, the treatment will be highly cost –effective.† (Garrard and Wilkinson, 2005). Thirdly the treatment should be withdrawn as it is excessively harmful. The fourth reason would be the patient may refuse to undergo treatment. Some treatment may have extreme pain or some may have a less probability of success, the failure of the treatment may cause extreme levels of burdens and poor quality of life. So u nder these circumstances the treatment refusal leads to passive euthanasia though the physician is aware of the effects of it. (Garrard and Wilkinson, 2005) Issues on Euthanasia: There is no major moral difference between killing a suffering patient and letting them to die. The Active Euthanasia is more or less killing and Passive Euthanasia is letting the patient die by removing the life sustaining aids. The first doctor, who was charged of Euthanasia, was Harold Blazer in 1935. He killed his daughter who was suffering from cerebral spinal meningitis. He killed her by placing a chloroform handkerchief on her nose till she stopped breathing. She was thirty when he killed her. In the trial he was acquitted on moral grounds. The first doctor to be found guilty was Joseph

Competitive advantages with the merger of exxon and mobil Case Study

Competitive advantages with the merger of exxon and mobil - Case Study Example Unlike other companies in this industry, such as Shell, Exxon-Mobil now has a new knowledge base of talented professionals that supersedes other industries. The revenues earned by Exxon-Mobil have also provided the firm with new opportunities for further acquisitions, including its 2010 purchase of XTO Energy (Miller, 1). This acquisition has given the business much higher competitive edge due to its capital purchase as XTO is a leader in providing new innovations in unconventional energy resources, including natural gas and fossils fuels that burn cleaner than competitive products. This is a competitive advantage since regulations for clean air emissions are targeting firms and Exxon-Mobil is already geared for compliance and will be able to avoid non-compliance fees and taxation like some of its gas industry competitors. It is clear that the company’s largest competitive advantage comes in the form of high profitability. Miller, Don. â€Å"Exxon Deal for XTO Energy May Set Off Wave of Energy Mergers and Acquisitions†. Money Morning Magazine Online. Accessed October 8, 2011 at

Spinster and Women Role Essay Example for Free

Spinster and Women Role Essay PART A: Introduction According to the latest statistics reported by the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong, the population of single women has been on the rise over the past two decades. The population of women aged 30-39 who have never married has risen from 51,000 people in 1986, to 180,600 in 2009. In recent years, people in Mainland China and Hong Kong started to use the term â€Å" † to describe any woman who remains unmarried beyond the conventional age for marriage. In western culture, words like â€Å"Spinster† and â€Å"Old maid† indicate an older, childless woman who is unwilling and unable to marry. Undoubtedly, traditional Chinese culture has cultivated generations of women who believed that their ultimate and most important role in society was to get married and have children. If a woman cannot achieve those goals, she would be considered eccentric or unfulfilled. The objective of my term project is to change general perceptions of unmarried women. I do believe that there is a wider range of acceptable and alternative lifestyle choices for women, such as living together with a lover without being married, and marrying at an older age. Hence, I produced a short film, and entitled it â€Å"A Love Warrior†. The Choice of Character The character in my short film is Ada, a typical businesswoman who is confident, strong, outspoken and attractive. She represents a large group of modern women in our society. After graduating from Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, Ada was awarded with two additional master degrees with recognized qualifications in Hong Kong. Although she is in her early-thirties, she works as a senior marketing manager in a German-based sports apparel manufacturer. With a highly educated background, it is obvious that Ada sees herself as a career-focused woman. But like other women, she also enjoys love life. In her most recent long-term relationship, she found out that her boyfriend cheated on her with a younger girl, therefore she made up her mind and ended this eight-year old relationship. After this painful experience, she became very optimistic and joked that she should be calling herself a â€Å" † and sees the world differently, there are many other good men available. Nevertheless, she is still seeking her Mr. Right and asserted her belief of true love and settled down. The Spinster Stereotype According with the Circuit of Culture (du Gay et al. 1997), culture is described as the production and circulation of meaning. On the whole, there are five stations: Representation, Identity, Production, Consumption and Regulation which are connected to each other providing a synergistic impact. Even fluctuation in one station would affect all other elements. Meaning comes from representations from language, photography, painting and ot her media, which uses â€Å"signs and symbols to represent or re-represent whatever exists in the world in term of a meaning concept, image or idea. † (du Gay et al. , 1997). Identity refers to how meaning is constructed or made and internalized by individual person or cultural group when confronted with a text (du Gay et al. ,1997). Production refers to the effort that an entity, for example, an individual, culture or industry goes about representing itself or products to others. Nowadays, meaning is also produced in a variety of different media. The modern mass media in a global scale circulate meanings between different cultures on a scale and with a speed. Consumption denotes that meaning is produced whenever people make use of appropriate cultural stuff to express themselves in. Regulation indicates that meanings help to set the norms, rules and conventions by which social life is ordered and governed. In other words, it is accepted as appropriate if the observed behaviour is pleasing to the individual or group. As long as the behaviour makes one uncomfortable, it becomes inappropriate. The approval or disapproval of texts may be in the hands of individual or groups within a cultural setting. During the early nineteenth century, unmarried women earned a living by spinning cloth at home. It was really the thankless work. The term â€Å"Spinsters† originally identified those women. Nevertheless, people used to associate middle-aged and unmarried women with â€Å"Spinsters†. That was definitely a symbolic representation, and became a social stigma attached to their status.. Feminist reject the stereotype of spinster. They point out that the term â€Å"Bachelor† which is used to label unmarried man, did not have the same negative implication as that of â€Å"Spinster†. Moreover, words like â€Å"Spinster† and â€Å"Old maid† pertain to the sexual as well as marital state of a woman (Schur, 1983). A bachelor could have several partners, yet it would be immoral for a spinster to do the same. People mostly implies that a bachelor is young, energetic, virile and available while a spinster eventually ages to a point where she becomes infertile and never bear children. Obviously, these terms for labeling unmarried man and woman respectively did not parallel in meaning. There are several psychological characteristics associated with the spinster stereotype: abnormal, unfulfilled and pitiful. In the traditional sense, spinsters were viewed as abnormal because they did not have children. Since spinsters would not have husband and children, they were alone in life which were viewed as unfulfilled by traditional definition. Also, people took pity on the lonesome spinsters who could not have true meaning in life without a husband and children. The Contemporary Image of Single Women In my short film, Ada represents a fashionable and cheerful lady although she is unmarried. She is dressed in trendy and sexy clothes, and has her hair bobbed. She looks chic and posh. She is confident to speak what she wants to express. She admits that she is eager to seek for her Mr. Right through online dating websites and marriage agency. During the photo shoot, she struck a posed on the Jacuzzi in the bathroom, and she drank the red wine in an Italian restaurant. These images convey the message that she knows how to enjoy her life and make herself happy, and defy conventional stereotype of unmarried women. Conclusion After completing this project, I think short film production is similar to photovoice. These creative approaches enable people, especially the stereotype group, to identify, define and enhance their community based on their own specific concern and priorities. Furthermore, I believe that in order to minimize the stereotypes for unmarried women in our society, cultural changes and breakthrough must be made. The struggle for these women to become a respected part of the society has been carrying on for centuries. Today, most single women have become sensible and smart on selecting the other half through wide opportunity for dating. (Word Count : 1103) PART B: There are 4 suggestions for improving my work. Firstly, I believe that the target audience of this project is unmarried women sharing a similar background with Ada. Hence, for the representation, I would have Ada encourages these women to follow her attitude towards life, being independent, assuming their femininity, breaking free from conventions and showing confidence with strength in both their career and personal lives. Secondly, having a strong female character as the main focus, the male audiences may feel offended by the tonality. Therefore I would have included various scenes in which Ada shows her femininity side in a traditional way, such as baking cupcakes or planting lavender. In order to seek acceptance from the male audiences, it is necessary to slightly tune down the independent and strong characters of single women. Thirdly, music can be use as a medium to express our feelings. The background music I chose for the short film is in English. The powerful lyrics of these songs illustrate the modern women’s attitudes towards their lives, and they are perfect to show Ada’s point of views, also to add more excitement for the audiences. However, due to language barrier, some audiences may not be familiar with these songs and not easy to be associated with.

Home-Schooling Essay -- Education Teaching Learning Essays

Home-Schooling At least once in a child’s lifetime they wish that they were home-schooled instead of attending a public school. Imagine how nice it would be to have school right in your own home. It was stated that in the year 2001, over two million children were home- schooled in the United States (#1 Home Schooling Information and Software, 2003). This number continues to increase each year. Some believe home-schooling gives a child more attention and ensures a more intimate and personal environment which may in turn lead to a better education. Others, however, believe those who are home schooled will have trouble with social interactions. Home- schooling has both many benefits and drawbacks which will be addressed in this paper. There are many positive aspects of such educational facilitation. Statistics have shown that home-schooled children achieve high standards of academic success and excel socially, according to research from the Home-school Legal Defense Association (HSLDA). As seen through many cases, home-schoolers are better adjusted in society and are more likely to be engaged in their communities. They may not be in a â€Å"school room† situation, where they are among other children of the same age for the entire length of a school day, but they are comfortable working and socializing with people of all ages. Home-schoolers are often heavily involved with scouts, church groups, music lessons, sports teams, and volunteer work. These activities show their socialization skills with their communities, much of which is not done by children in public school systems. Many argue that home-schooling in general makes children more mature and better prepared for the â€Å"real world.† Pub lic schools are said to provide... ...com/Home-Schooling-Statistics.html Home School Association of California. (2001). Why Homeschool? Received November 22, 2003, from http://www.hsc.org/why.html Home School Legal Defense Association. (2003). Home-Schoolers are Socially Adjusted, Study Shows. Retrieved November 21, 2003, from http://www.hslda.org/docs/link.asp?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Efamily%2Eorg%2Fcforum%2Ffnif%2Fnews%2Fa0028919%2Ecfm Minority Homeschoolers of Texas. (2001). Cost of Home Schooling. Received November 21, 2003, from http://www.mhot.org/cost.html Nantus, Sheryl. (2002a). Home Schooling, is it for you? Received November 21, 2003, from http://utut.essortment.com/homeschooling_oik.htm Nantus, Sheryl. (2002b). Information on the Pros/Cons of Practical at Home Schooling Programs. Received November 21, 2003, from http://papa.essortment.com/ homeschoolingi_rfih.htm

Hitlers Rise to Power

A Comparative Essay on Historical Schools: The Annales and Marxist Historiography Historical Interpretation, as a term, is a skill that historians acquire to describe human events. As historians gather information regarding the past and analyze the artifacts, they are left with the task to explain their findings to the masses. For many years, profound members of society were used as primary sources for historical events. But as the world turned, historians began to question the grounds of which these â€Å"facts† stood. How are the rulers and priest to be the only true source of widespread events?Such questions gave birth to schools of historical interpretation. These schools became well- known on their scrutiny of historical facts to the point where history became a specialized field with various focal points, such as linguistics, agriculture, cliometrics, culture, and many more. This essay will compare the analytical styles of the Annales and the Marxists historians. Althoug h these schools recognize the superstructure of socioeconomic relationships, they have different approaches and motivations for their historical analyses which has changed the way history is studied.The Annales School is a group of historians who innovated historical research. They focused on properly documenting French history prior to the French Revolution. Prior to their research, french history was dominated by Marxism and was made up mostly from the vantage point of the leaders and other well known figures. The Annales vigorously opposed Marxism due to its tendency to discredit the natural causes and individualism that also play a major part in history. However, the Annales countered Marxism’s monopolizing ways by presenting their socially scientific approach.The Annales was founded by two Strasburg professors, who taught history and it was through their connection that they were able to become a school of historical interpretation. Co-founders, Lucien Febvre and Marc Bl och developed a scholarly journal that incorporated their approach and was published in 1929. This groundbreaking article was titled â€Å"Annales d'Histoire Economique et social† which was subtle in its initial push for change in historical documentation. As they began this journey as the Annales, they opted for historians to examine the state of France as it is and then deduce history rather than judge the present based on the past.Although there works are one in the same, they had different approaches that worked well together. Bloch contributed an agrarian and comparative perspective, while Febvre’s contribution was geared more toward combining history and the social sciences. In the Annales School: An Intellectual History, Andre Burguiere states â€Å"the act of placing the present in perspective by setting it against what the past can teach us does not lead to skepticism but to a spirit of tolerance and responsibility. † This tells us that the Annales felt as though history should be judged not by the â€Å"great men† alone but by the masses.And the only way to get history outside of the proverbial box is to take into consideration the ideals of all men and evaluate them along with economic and material withholding of their country. In order to fully capture an unbiased survey of history Febvre and Bloch pushed for an intercontinental journal. This would allow them to expand their practices not only by incorporating other disciplines but also understanding these events from a broader perspective. Besides their interdisciplinary approach, they also wanted to transform history into a social science.For them, this would prove to be more practical and would be made up of checkable facts and resources. By turning history into a social science, collective beliefs and customs would be taken into consideration. With these approaches, Bloch and Febvre makes up the first generation of the Annales School of Historical Interpretation but their works are still being used, updated, and adapted in current historical interpretation. Marxist historiography takes a different approach to understanding history. Spawned from Marxism’s class scale, Marxist’s historical interpretation is limited, as it works backwards from the outcome to the event.However, this form of historical interpretation is recognized for its middle and lower class historical perspective. Karl Marx is well-known for his strong support for Communism. He professed that society goes through a cycle from anarchy to socialism, with capitalism and communism being on opposite ends of the spectrum. This approach led him to analyze and judge history on these characteristics. In Marxist historiography, every historical event was a result of the socioeconomic status in which the event took place.Marxist historians are sometime ashamed of the Marxist title that they have due to Marx’s position on what we call the free world. However, Marxist hi storians do not hang on every idea of Marxism. A Marxist historian analyzes history with the understanding that historical events are occurrences that are determined by the working class’ level of production and the type of government in place at the time of the occurrence. In Marxist historiography, historians pay close attention to historical materialism, class struggle, government, and production.These are the viewpoints that sum up this type of historical interpretation. The historiography of Marxism many times exclude political factors because it lacks the substantial and tangible evidence that other forms of historical interpretation embrace. Karl Marx both embraced and opposed the ideas of GWF Hegel, a German philosopher, who was well known for his conflict and contradictions theories. Yet, it was because of Hegel’s philosophy that Marxism thrives. Through Marxist historiography, historical events are at the mercy of a superstructure that has a predetermined pat h.The work of Karl Marx and the Annales are still in practice today. Both schools of historical interpretation emphasize the social and economic impact on society as being the source for historical events. They examine the framework of society and compare the circumstances of many events to verify their theories and downplay prior trust in political narratives. As Stuart Clark states, in The Annales School: Critical Assessments, â€Å"At the centre of these issues and at the point of convergence of the Annales school and Marxist history is the theme of power. He concluded that their two distinct methods explain the plight of human events without discussing power and because of this missing link, the two schools will have more differences than similarities. Power is a common idea of both schools, however, they do not point out this fact. As there studies show, shifts of power is the driving force behind all historical events. The foundations of the perspectives of these two schools are astonishingly similar, but their differences lie in the details of their work.The Annales eventually introduced their three tiered paradigm which was â€Å"structure at the base, conjecture in the center and the event at the top. This this was then divided again by geography, social, and the individual. †(Hunt ,1986) In their use of this paradigm, they set themselves apart from Marxism because they incorporated geography and the individual in their studies, which was unique. Taking into consideration , the individual gives a personal take on the superstructure because from this vantage point the big picture can not be seen.The Annales understood that the individual has personal motivations that are not apart of the collective opinion and that the structure affects each person differently. The evidence that the Annales consider when interpreting history is more detailed than the practices of Marxist historians. Marxist historians emphasize the super and sub-structures of s ociety and remain focused on the outcome rather than the events. Marx stated in the Communist Manifesto that â€Å"the history of all past societies has been the history of all class struggles. † This sentence sums up the motivation behind Marxist historiography.Marx wanted inform the world that details did not matter as much as the inevitable social cycle. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), Marx states that history repeats itself, first as a tragedy and second, as a farce. † The Marxist historian upholds this statement to be a slogan for their studies. As they uncover new ideas regarding the â€Å"system†, they are able to interpret historical events from the outside in. Schools of historical interpretations have the duty of setting their methods apart from others and coming up with different ways to analyze history.Although each event has its facts, each school interpret the findings in interesting ways. The Annales began their journey trying to combat the Marxist historical methods and they prevailed in the way they were able to contribute to history what Marxist historiography could not cover. With each of their motivations deriving from the fallacies of political narratives, these schools have transformed historical documentation from a series of both unfortunate and fortunate events to a narrative of social and economic situations that inevitably force certain outcomes. Bibliography: . Burguiere, Andre. The Annales School: An Intellectual History, trans. Jane Marie Todd, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2009; cloth; pp. 328; 2. Long, Pamela. Annales d'histoire economique et sociale 7 (November 1935), Les techniques, I'histoire et la vie Technology and CultureVol. 46, No. 1 (Jan. , 2005), pp. 177-186 Published by: Society for the History of Technology Article Stable URL:http://www. jstor. org/stable/40060803 3. Hunt, Lynn. French History in the Last Twenty Years: The Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 21, No. , Twentieth Anniversary Issue (Apr. , 1986), pp. 209-224Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/260364 4. Marx, K. , and F. Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York, NY: Signet Classics, 1998. Print 5. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Karl Marx 1852 Course Textbooks: 1. Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History. 5th. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2010. 2. Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twenthieth-century History and Theory. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 1999.

4 Step Process to Contract Law Essay

Question a) Step One The principle of law is that for a valid contract to be formed there must be an agreement reached by both parties. Step Two There are three main elements for the formation of a legally binding contract, intention, agreement and consideration. The requirement that requires discussion here is the existence of an agreement by the parties to enter into a legally binding contract. An agreement means a consensus on at least those essential terms needed for a workable transaction. The process of reaching an agreement is generally analysed as involving an offer and acceptance. Where the offer is a clear indication of the terms upon which a person is prepared to be bound, and an acceptance is assenting to, agreeing, or receiving the terms offered. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay The requirements of an ‘offer’ must be promissory, such as in Placer Development Ltd v Cth (1969) 121 CLR 353 where what the government had said was not a legally enforceable promise, but had appeared to be one. It must be sufficiently complete, and intended to result in a contract if accepted. The requirements of an ‘acceptance’ to exist must be in the same terms of the offer. It cannot still be subject to a condition, such as where it was clear that Cameron had not intended to be bound until a formal contract was prepared and signed, Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353. An acceptance must be made while the offer is still in existence. It must be made by a person whom the offer was addressed. If the offer is intended to be made to any person that learns of it then any such person can accept the offer on the stated terms. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) 1 QB 256, where Carlill had read an advertisement offering a reward to anyone who caught influenza after buying the company’s smoke ball. Carlill bought the ball and caught influenza, since the offer was made to ‘the world at large’ it is capable to be accepted by anyone who learns of it, including Carlill. An acceptance must be made in acceptable form. In the case of emails, it is considered to have been received when it reaches an information system designated by the person to whom the email is addressed via s 13 electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 and equivalent legislation in other stated and territories. For the process of offer and acceptance to result in agreement, the terms of the offer must be accepted without suggesting changes. For example, in Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 KB 532 Olley had her furs stolen in the hotel, and there was a notice in the room notifying that the hotel was not held accountable for stolen goods. This notice was not part of the agreement as it was not in the initial contract and therefore the hotel was made liable. Step Three The review of whether an agreement has been reached between both parties involves determining the requirements of an offer and acceptance have been met. Firstly, for an offer to exist, it must be intended to result in a contract is accepted. The advertisement made by Games Travel Ltd is not viewed as an offer by the courts because advertisements are not intended to signal a readiness to be bound, but rather an invitation asking customers to make an offer to buy. Secondly, for the requirements of an acceptance to exist, it must be in the same terms of the offer. If the advertisement were to be seen as an offer, the terms agreed on would be $1000 for the tickets and tickets to the finals in swimming, archery and gymnastics. Jon only authorized the payment of $1000 as the terms on the offer expressed. As the terms had changed after he had authorized payments, there were no tickets to the gymnastics, which made the offer invalid. Lastly, for the process of offer and acceptance to result in agreement, the terms of offer must be accepted without suggesting changes. The change from $1000 to $2000 breached this requirement. An attempt to accept an offer on different terms should have been constructed as a rejection of the original offer and the making of a counter-offer. Step Four Due to not meeting the requirements of an ‘offer’ through not being intended to result in a contract if accepted, and not meeting the requirements of an ‘acceptance’ by not being in the same terms of the offer, there is no legal binding agreement between both parties and Jon is not obliged to pay $2000 for the plane tickets as there is no authorization for $2000, rather $1000. Question b) Step One The area of law relevant to this question is the review of a contents of a contract enforced between two parties. Step Two There are particulars to a contract which structure its existence. This includes the importance of terms within the contract, the freedom of contract, statements that do not become part of contract, and terms of contract. Within a contract consideration must be made to the creation of the contract. The terms of the contract define the obligations of the parties. It is by analysing the terms that you can find out what has to be done to discharge those obligations. For example in Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH [1976] QB 44; [1975] 3 All ER 739, the buyer Cehave did not want to accept the delivered goods because they were not in ‘good condition’ although they were in satisfactory condition to perform their purpose which was to be used as animal feed. Freedom of contract is the freedom of individuals to bargain among themselves the terms of their own contracts, without external interference. People can negotiate effectively in their own interest and both parties negotiate from a position of equal strength. Limits included on freedom of contract are illegal undertakings not enforceable, such as anything more than minimal regulations and taxes may be seen as infringements. Policy considerations may limit freedom of contract. There are certain statements that do not become part of the contract but are said in negotiations. This includes puffs, opinions and representations. Puffs are statements of exaggerated praise to excite buyers and encourage sales and are without any real or measurable substance. Opinions are statements of personal views or beliefs and should not be relied on as it may be incorrect. If a person misrepresents their true opinion, their statement is treated as a representation. Representations are statements often made to encourage the other party to enter the agreement, without intending that they be contractual promises. For example Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957] 1 All ER 325, the car dealer sued Williams for breach of contract due to the car age document being false. The courts decided the document was a mere representation rather than a contractually binding promise. The terms of a contract describe the entire contents of a legally enforceable agreement. Terms are ‘express’ when they have actually been declared or definitely stated. There are disagreements over whether particular terms have been included in the contract or not. For example Causer v Browne [1952] VLR 1 the statement on the docket was not seen as contractual terms as it was only an identifying docket. A term may also be ‘implied’ into a contract when that term was intended to be part of the contract without being expressly stated or referred to. It can only be implied if it is obvious that the parties had intended to include the term as part of their agreement. Implied terms must be reasonable and fair, be capable of clear, unambiguous expression and it must not contradict any express terms. In Codelfa Construction v State Rail Authority of NSW (1982) 149 CLR 337 Codelfa tried to claim extra payment for the extra costs incurred due to stopping and starting work overnight. The courts rejected this as there was no such term implied that would see unforeseeable stoppage to work and compensation paid out. A breach of contract that causes loss gives rise to a claim for damages. If sufficiently serious, a breach may justify a claim to damages plus a refusal to accept performance. To evaluate the seriousness of a breach various terms are distinguished and some terms are described as ‘conditions’ and the others ‘warranties’. Conditions are terms of fundamental importance to the agreement, whereas warranties are terms of lesser importance than conditions. In a breach of condition an injured party can terminate contract and/or sue for the damages. Whilst in a breach of warranty the injured party can sue for damages. In Associated Newspapers Ltd v Banks (1951) 83 CLR 322 Bancks, the cartoonist had the right to terminate his contract as the promise to publish Blancks drawing’s on the front page of the comic section was a condition term. Step Three Identifying the content of the contract between Jon and Games Travel Pty Ltd shows that there are express terms that exist within the contract. For example, the two tickets for the price of one, and the tickets to the finals in the swimming, archery and gymnastics. These terms are contractual terms and must be carried out as specified by the agreement. The terms sought throughout the contract are categorised as warranties, as they are not terms of fundamental importance. Such terms are the swimming tickets, where Jon had received men’s event and not the women’s. Also, the ticket price was doubled when charged, the initial contract was $1000 which is a warranty term. Terms that are conditional are the actual flight to the Commonwealth Games in India. Breaches of Warranty terms such as the swimming ticket and $2000 charge would be a breach of contract. In such a case, the remedy available for breaching warranties are to claim for damages only. This would include $1000 which Jon was overcharged. Step Four In conclusion, through analysis of the contents of the contract a breach of warranty has arisen. The remedy of such can include a sue for damages incurred.